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(A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function <t>(mTRF)</t> models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) <t>included</t> <t>acoustic</t> low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).
Mtrf Matlab Toolbox, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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mtrf toolbox  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc mtrf toolbox
(A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function <t>(mTRF)</t> models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) <t>included</t> <t>acoustic</t> low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).
Mtrf Toolbox, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/mtrf toolbox/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
mtrf toolbox - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
90/100 stars
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multivariate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc multivariate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox
(A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function <t>(mTRF)</t> models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) <t>included</t> <t>acoustic</t> low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).
Multivariate Temporal Response Function (Mtrf) Toolbox, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/multivariate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
multivariate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
90/100 stars
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implementation of the mtrf toolbox  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc implementation of the mtrf toolbox
(A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function <t>(mTRF)</t> models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) <t>included</t> <t>acoustic</t> low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).
Implementation Of The Mtrf Toolbox, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/implementation of the mtrf toolbox/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
implementation of the mtrf toolbox - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
90/100 stars
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multi-variate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox  (MathWorks Inc)
90
MathWorks Inc multi-variate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox
(A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function <t>(mTRF)</t> models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) <t>included</t> <t>acoustic</t> low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).
Multi Variate Temporal Response Function (Mtrf) Toolbox, supplied by MathWorks Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/multi-variate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox/product/MathWorks Inc
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
multi-variate temporal response function (mtrf) toolbox - by Bioz Stars, 2026-05
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(A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function (mTRF) models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) included acoustic low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).

Journal: PLOS Biology

Article Title: Human newborns form musical predictions based on rhythmic but not melodic structure

doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003600

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Experimental paradigm. We analyzed EEG data recorded from 49 sleeping human newborns while being exposed to monophonic piano melodies composed by J. S. Bach (real condition) and control stimuli (shuffled condition). (B) Surprise and entropy. Surprise and entropy associated with each note’s timing (green, St and Et, respectively) and pitch (yellow, Sp and Ep, respectively) were estimated using an unsupervised statistical learning model trained on all stimuli. Dot plots display mean surprise and entropy associated with real and shuffled music, averaged across melodies (left panel), and separately for each melody (right panel). Error bars represent bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CI). See . (C) Correlations between stimulus features. Pearson’s correlations ( r values) between the stimulus features: inter-pitch-interval (IPI), inter-onset-interval (IOI), and surprise and entropy associated with timing (St and Et) and pitch (Sp and Ep). See . (D) Analytical approach. Multivariate Temporal Response Function (mTRF) models were fit to describe the forward relationship between multiple stimulus features and the EEG signal. The full TRF model (leftmost panel) included acoustic low-level features (spectral flux, acoustic onset, IOI, and IPI) and high-level features (surprise and entropy of pitch and timing). To assess the unique contribution of each feature (or set of features) to the EEG data, we run reduced models encompassing all variables but with the specified one being randomized in time (yet preserving the note onset times). We then calculated the difference in EEG prediction accuracy (Pearson’s correlations, r ) between the reduced models and the full model (Δr). On the rightmost panel, the light blue circle denotes information of a reduced model, with the variable(s) of interest being randomized. The orange area indicates the unique contribution of the variable of interest that leads to an increase in the explanatory power of the full model (black circle).

Article Snippet: We employed Temporal Response Functions (TRF) to model EEG responses to the continuous acoustic and musical features of the presented stimuli using the mTRF MATLAB toolbox [ ].

Techniques: Control, Preserving